diff --git a/routes/model_routes.py b/routes/model_routes.py
index 0adaa2b06..2a363388c 100644
--- a/routes/model_routes.py
+++ b/routes/model_routes.py
@@ -731,12 +731,19 @@ def _is_loading_model_response(resp: Any) -> bool:
 
 
 def _openai_model_ids(data: Any) -> List[str]:
-    """Extract OpenAI-style model IDs (``{"data": [{"id": ...}]}``).
+    """Extract OpenAI-style model IDs.
 
-    Tolerates a non-dict body and non-string IDs from non-compliant upstreams,
-    returning only non-empty string IDs.
+    Accepts both standard ``{"data": [{"id": ...}]}`` responses and bare
+    ``[{"id": ...}]`` lists returned by some OpenAI-compatible providers.
+    Tolerates non-dict/non-list bodies and non-string IDs, returning only
+    non-empty string IDs.
     """
-    items = data.get("data") if isinstance(data, dict) else None
+    if isinstance(data, list):
+        items = data
+    elif isinstance(data, dict):
+        items = data.get("data")
+    else:
+        items = None
     return [m["id"] for m in (items or [])
             if isinstance(m, dict) and isinstance(m.get("id"), str) and m["id"]]
 
diff --git a/routes/webhook_routes.py b/routes/webhook_routes.py
index c9cf856ca..8d3a704c6 100644
--- a/routes/webhook_routes.py
+++ b/routes/webhook_routes.py
@@ -345,8 +345,9 @@ def setup_webhook_routes(
                             resp = await client.get(models_url, headers=hdrs)
                             resp.raise_for_status()
                             data = resp.json()
-                            ids = [m.get("id") for m in (data.get("data") or []) if m.get("id")]
-                            if not ids:
+                            items = data if isinstance(data, list) else (data.get("data") or [])
+                            ids = [m.get("id") for m in items if isinstance(m, dict) and m.get("id")]
+                            if not ids and isinstance(data, dict):
                                 ids = [
                                     m.get("name") or m.get("model")
                                     for m in (data.get("models") or [])
diff --git a/src/ai_interaction.py b/src/ai_interaction.py
index 6655beaf4..ca6e24436 100644
--- a/src/ai_interaction.py
+++ b/src/ai_interaction.py
@@ -134,7 +134,8 @@ def _resolve_model(spec: str, owner: Optional[str] = None) -> Tuple[str, str, Di
                         r = httpx.get(models_url, headers=headers, timeout=5)
                         r.raise_for_status()
                         data = r.json()
-                        model_ids = [m.get("id") for m in (data.get("data") or []) if m.get("id")]
+                        items = data if isinstance(data, list) else (data.get("data") or [])
+                        model_ids = [m.get("id") for m in items if isinstance(m, dict) and m.get("id")]
                         if not model_ids:
                             model_ids = [
                                 m.get("name") or m.get("model")
@@ -453,8 +454,6 @@ async def do_manage_memory(content: str, session_id: Optional[str] = None, owner
         return {"error": f"Unknown action '{action}'. Use: list, add, edit, delete, search"}
 
 
-
-
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # RAG management tool
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -942,7 +941,9 @@ async def do_generate_image(content: str, session_id: Optional[str] = None, owne
                         try:
                             _r = _req.get(_ibase + "/models", timeout=3)
                             _r.raise_for_status()
-                            _mids = [m.get("id") for m in (_r.json().get("data") or []) if m.get("id")]
+                            _data = _r.json()
+                            _ditems = _data if isinstance(_data, list) else (_data.get("data") or [])
+                            _mids = [m.get("id") for m in _ditems if isinstance(m, dict) and m.get("id")]
                             if _mids:
                                 model_spec = _mids[0]
                                 break
diff --git a/src/llm_core.py b/src/llm_core.py
index 02aebffd9..7af9c2725 100644
--- a/src/llm_core.py
+++ b/src/llm_core.py
@@ -1468,8 +1468,10 @@ def list_model_ids(
         r = httpx_get_kimi_aware(models_url, h, timeout=timeout)
         r.raise_for_status()
         data = r.json()
-        model_ids = [m.get("id") for m in (data.get("data") or []) if m.get("id")]
-        if not model_ids:
+        # Some OpenAI-compatible APIs (e.g. Together) return a bare list here.
+        items = data if isinstance(data, list) else (data.get("data") or [])
+        model_ids = [m.get("id") for m in items if isinstance(m, dict) and m.get("id")]
+        if not model_ids and isinstance(data, dict):
             model_ids = [
                 m.get("name") or m.get("model")
                 for m in (data.get("models") or [])
diff --git a/src/model_discovery.py b/src/model_discovery.py
index e740d6f44..4d67502c5 100644
--- a/src/model_discovery.py
+++ b/src/model_discovery.py
@@ -187,8 +187,10 @@ class ModelDiscovery:
             r = httpx.get(f"{base}/models", timeout=3)
             if not r.is_success:
                 return None
-            data = r.json() or {}
-            ids = [m.get("id") for m in (data.get("data") or []) if m.get("id")]
+            data = r.json()
+            # Some OpenAI-compatible servers return a bare list, not {"data": [...]}.
+            items = data if isinstance(data, list) else ((data or {}).get("data") or [])
+            ids = [m.get("id") for m in items if isinstance(m, dict) and m.get("id")]
             if ids:
                 return {
                     "host": host,